---

A compressor is a machine that is used to increase the pressure of various gases. How to increase the pressure depends on the compressor type. One of the functional problems of centrifugal compressors is the phenomenon of the surge, which is still an obscure and unknown phenomenon that can induce mechanical or thermal stress in the system and cause a lot of damage. This type of aerodynamic instability reduces the compression ratio at both ends of the compressor, thereby reducing the overall efficiency of the system. In general, when a surge occurs, it causes process turbulence, the degradation of overall compressor efficiency, the reduction of compressor life due to mechanical damage to seals, bearings, rotor, and impellers, and the loss of internal freedoms and sensitive mechanical parts of the system. Therefore, surge control is one of the challenges of compressor control and expands the operating range of compressor operation. A map compressor consists of two axes, horizontal and vertical, as well as a set of curves that show the horizontal axis of the flow (capacity) and the vertical axis, head or pressure. Compressors must change their speed to change the output flow. For each speed, there is a minimum point and a maximum flow point within which the compressor operation is stable and predictable. The maximum capacity point is called the stone wall point and the minimum capacity point is called the vertex point. The surge line (SL) of a compressor is formed by connecting the surge points at different speeds. If the compressor works on the right side of the surge line, it is in a steady state, but if it works on the left side of the surge line, it is in an unstable or surge state. Using methods based on active surge control, the instabilities leading to the surge can be eliminated, and the area of stable performance of the system can be extended to the surge line, and thereby the stable area of the system can be widened. This paper uses a dynamic model of centrifugal compressors with a recycle valve, as well as a proportional-integrator-derivative (PID) controller and a sliding mode controller, to control the surge phenomenon with a compressor control approach based on the surge control line. A new sliding surface is defined for controlling sliding mode, and it is controlled by using recycle valve and a compressor inlet valve. A quadratic Lyapunov function is used to ensure the stability of the intended slip surface. The two approaches of inlet and recycle valve are expressed individually and collectively. The results of simulation in MATLAB state that among the compressor with a PID controller and the compressor with sliding mode, the latter outperforms the former in controlling the compressor at different speeds. Based on the comparison of the results, the amplitude of the control signal in the sliding mode is less than PID and the system reaches a stable state with less energy consumption, which shows better control by the sliding mode than by PID

---

The electricity industry is one of the most important infrastructure industries in any country, which is very important due to its capitalization, increasing efficiency and productivity. Accordingly, the main idea of ​​this study is to present a new model for evaluating the efficiency of regional electricity companies in Iran by combining the concept of organizational dual power and network data envelopment analysis technique. The proposed model is based on the concept of dual power. Dualism is one of the newest topics in the field of organizational and management issues, which can be defined as the organization's ability to focus on exploitation (use of existing capabilities) and exploration (discovery of new capabilities). In this study, with the help of network models of data envelopment analysis, the internal processes of 16 regional electricity companies in the form of two stages of "design and development" and "operation" in 1397 were analyzed and the ambiguity and efficiency of companies were calculated. The results of evaluating the efficiency of companies with the proposed model indicate that although the average of the entire electricity industry has an acceptable score in equilibrium and combined dual power, but the balance dual power score of regional power companies shows between the efficiency of design and development sectors and There is a significant difference in the operation of companies, and not paying attention to the reasons for this difference can challenge the electricity industry in carrying out its missions in the coming years.